New words for "world" for Aioskoru elvish, orcish, and fairy languages

New words for "world" for Aioskoru elvish, orcish, and fairy languages by Ken Wickham © 2020 All rights reserved.

This article and/or fictional words may not be reproduced or shared in any form, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise for any other person—without prior written permission of the publisher, except as provided by United States of America copyright law.

It's been a while since I posted any language words.

I feel like doing a set for the English word "world" for the 3 current languages:

By world means a planet with specifically all of its people, species, cultures, and natural features. World refers to life probably more important than the physical features. A world is a collection of life. A lifeless planet is not a world, as used by these three words. There must be social and behavioral relationships among life forces for the planet to use these three words.

alvan a kashi [Aioskoru Elvish language] - daonglagi (will be part of 1.06)
emojey-on laaf [Aioskoru Fairy language] - jiaf (will be part of 1.08)
ulka u kukha [Aioskoru Orcish language] - kuavkruka (will be part of 1.01)

I've entered the word in each of the next version documents.

So, when the elves of southern Aioskoru speak of the world, they call it daonglagi. Aioskoru is a daonglagi.

Fairies speak of Aioskoru as a jiaf.

Orcs of Aioskoru speak of it as a kauvkruka.

	Aioskoru Elvish, Fairy, & Orcish Languages bundle
Elvish Language [alvan a kashi]	Fairy Language [emojey-on laaf]	Orcish Language: [ulka u kukha]

Elvish Language for Aioskoru now available

Elvish Language

Elvish Language 24 pg

By Ken Wickham

This Elvish Language book is written primarily for Aioskoru world, however, it can be used in any setting.

I call it Alvan a Kashi, which means Elf Language.

It includes an Elvish writing script, numbers, and advice for quotations.
95 common nouns
84 verbs
62 adjectives
11 colors
7 quantifiers (some, many, …)
counting numbers to 999,999
ordinal numbers (first, second, ...)
question words (who, what, when, …)
5 types of 7 pronouns (I, he/she/it, they, …)
2 demonstratives (this, that)
11 prepositions (on, inside, above, …)
7 conjunctions (and, or, because, …)
7 transition words (although, finally, since, …)
compass directions
Aioskoru distance measurements
Aioskoru 13 months
over 100 abstract nouns
naming system
basic fantasy jargon (weapons, armor, magic, 4 classes, 4 main races)

grammar for
sentence order
articles
plural
adjectives/adverbs
markers
focus
verb
pronouns
quoting (says, said)

Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 9: Parts of speech - verb tense

Other fantasy language posts
Creating a fantasy languageElfin and Orcish amount of words so far
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 1: Sounds
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 2: Parts of speech - nouns
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 3: Parts of speech - adjectives
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 4: Parts of speech - articles, quantifiers, prepositions, questions
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 5: Parts of speech - why, pronouns, conjunctions,
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 6: Parts of speech - verbs
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 7: Parts of speech - verbs (Part 2)
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 8: Parts of speech - verbs (Part 3)
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 9: Parts of speech - verb tense

I review first my sounds in order to later make a sound chart

sounds unordered
 l, r, s, sh, f, n, ts, y, and vowels i, and e (no t, k, c, b, g, p, q, x)
 m ng ny j d t th v h w z      a o (no u)

We Created 55 verbs to which we can add further meaning

From the last two posts we created 55 verbs. They were also each tested with several nouns.

One of the most common  functions of verbs is to provide time period information in addition to the action which is the tense of the verb. Many languages have the tenses past, present, and future. Some have only two such as past and non-past or future and non-future.

Tense

For fairy/celestial language, I think that it would be neat to focus mainly on the present moment rather than the past or the future. Many of our modern expressions and phrases tell us to focus on the moment, 'don't worry about the future', and 'not dwell on the past'. What happen's if our collective identified faries not only think according to the well being of the group but maybe they mainly think about the 'here and now' more than the future or what happened in the past.

For the non-present word, it could most likely refer to the past. That way they can describe what happened and use it as lessons.

If I create a word for future action maybe it can be used in terms of prophesy or oracle prediction rather than intention

But first we need to construct something to add or go with the 55 verbs to modify their meaning. Let's revisit the 55 verbs first..

1 to drink                 elsha
2 to eat                        irets
3 to bite                      vengan
4 to suck                                 yisoth
5 to spit                              tsew
6 to vomit                            wehol
7 to blow                    hishi
8 to breathe                  isho
9 to laugh                      denya
10 to see                        zeja
11 to hear                           teni
12 to know                           nyatha
13 to think                        zoti
14 to smell                  fimo
15 to fear, to risk, to try        adir
16 to sleep                        izas
17 to live                         lija
18 to die                            fathy
19 to kill                               lodosh
20 to fight                      dazom
21 to hunt                      majan
22 to hit                         tadon
23 to cut                        minja
24 to split                         molanyi
25 to stab, stick                   todas
26 to scratch                           fonya
27 to dig                          ezif
28 to swim                       tsisho
29 to fly                      vimas
30 to walk                   mengo
31 to come                            linsa
32 to lie (as in a bed)               wanyo
33 to sit                          etsy
34 to stand                                zala
35 to turn (intransitive)                 yisla
36 to fall                                ilados
37 to give                         jathi
38 to hold                   wolanda
39 to squeeze                    lafani
40 to rub                         jonam
41 to wash                       yawos
42 to wipe                      sheras
43 to pull, lead, draw, tug     tsamosh
44 to push, thrust, drive               sivaj
45 to throw                                 tishaz
46 to tie                          nyilo
47 to sew                              omanya
48 to count                        hasrondo
49 to say, utter               rasa
50 to sing                       roma
51 to play, jest, game     anotsa
52 to float                       othinah
53 to flow, flood                 noda
54 to freeze                    zidi
55 to swell                  langa

Making a verb tense modifier

To make these verb tense first I review the key sounds that I've already established in the prior sections. I do this in order to minimize possible confusion due to creating similar sounding words or modifiers of words. I make a large table showing all of the consonant vowel and vowel consonant combinations. I then cross out the sounds used so far for grammatical uses.

Eliminating possible distracting or confusing sounds

I have used these modifiers so far
ara   (ar ra)
tha, fe
osh, oz
wa, ni, li, sho, ne
nga, na, no, ma

I also eliminate some of English commonly used verb and grammatical sound modifiers such as ed, ing, the/thi (reminds me of 'the' and 'thee' in Eng), li (sounds like -ly), we/wi (reminds me of 'we' pronoun), and re/ri.

Interesting unused consonant sounds

The consonant sounds that stick out the most to me are f, y, j, ts, l, and v as interesting prospective uses.

	a	e	i	o	a	e	i	o
l	la	le	li	lo	al	el	il	ol
r	ra	re	ri	ro	ar	er	ir	or
s	sa	se	si	so	as	es	is	os
sh	sha	she	shi	sho	ash	esh	ish	osh
f	fa	fe	fi	fo	af	ef	if	of
n	na	ne	ni	no	an	en	in	on
ts	tsa	tse	tsi	tso	ats	ets	its	ots
y	ya	ye	yi	yo	ay	ey	iy	oy
m	ma	me	mi	mo	am	em	im	om
ng	nga	nge	ngi	ngo	ang	eng	ing	ong
ny	nya	nye	nyi	nyo	any	eny	iny	ony
j	ja	je	ji	jo	aj	ej	ij	oj
d	da	de	di	do	ad	ed	id	od
t	ta	te	ti	to	at	et	it	ot
th	tha	the	thi	tho	ath	eth	ith	oth
v	va	ve	vi	vo	av	ev	iv	ov
h	ha	he	hi	ho	ah	eh	ih	oh
w	wa	we	wi	wo	aw	ew	iw	ow
z	za	ze	zi	zo	az	ez	iz	oz

Present Tense

So, I begin with my structure that i decided on earlier

1) present tense       (j)ey [which is pronounced like English aye or jay] 
I'll make it a suffix much like English -ing, which may help recognizing its function.'jey' is only used when proceeded by a vowel sound root word ending. Whereas 'ey' is used when proceeded by a consonant root word ending.

to drink elsha;  is/am drinking, drink, drinks elshajey
to eat irets; is/am eating, eat, eats iretsey
to fight dazom; is/am fighting, fight, fights dazomey

Non-Present tense

2) non-present tense   Fa(v)
Instead of being a suffix, I'll make the non-present tense a prefix.

to drink elsha;  was drinking, drank, have drunk, will drink, will have drunk, should drink, could drink, could have drunk, might drink, will be drinking, will have been drinking favelsha
to eat irets; was eating, ate, had eaten, will eat, will have eaten, should eat, could eat, could have eaten, might eat, will be eating, will have been eating favirets
to fight dazom; was fighting, fought, had fought, will fight, will have fought, should fight, could fight, could have fought, might fight, will be fighting, will have been fighting fadazom

Prophesy or oracle prediction

3) prophectic or oracle prediction (seeing into the future) tso(l)
When something has been seen and is known as prophetic, then this word will be used. The chance of occurring is nearly certain because of a vision or seeing the future. This form isn't just future tense, it's almost like a past tense version of the future. Fairies consider these events to have already occurred, and time is waiting for the situations to be triggered.

to drink elsha;  will certainly drink, it has been seen that __ will drink, it is written that ___ will drink tsolelsha
to eat irets; will certainly eat, it has been seen that __ will eat, it is written that ___ will eat tsolirets
to fight dazom; will certainly fight, it has been seen that __ will fight, it is written that ___ will fight tsodazom

Total Words in Fairy Language

To the 194 words that we made in the prior posts, we have now added 3 important words (used as prefix and suffix), which brings our total Fairy words to 197 important basic Fairy words.

The next post I'll consider common fantasy jargon words like sword, dragon, magic, and more.

Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 3: Parts of speech - adjectives

Other fantasy language posts
Creating a fantasy languageElfin and Orcish amount of words so far
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 1: Sounds
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 2: Parts of speech - nouns
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 3: Parts of speech - adjectives
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 4: Parts of speech - articles, quantifiers, prepositions, questions
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 5: Parts of speech - why, pronouns, conjunctions,

Before going to far into adjectives, ahead of time you want to figure out

1. how your will differentiate adjectives from nouns
2. how will you show comparison and superlatives
3. how you will position your adjectives compared to your nouns.

Differentiate the noun
English uses two main ways to differentiate adjectives. First, English uses words to proceed adjectives to show comparison 'more' and superlative 'most'. Second, it also uses several suffixes such as -ful, -al, -some, -ar, -ish, -ary, -ic, -less, -like, -ly, -y, and -ous. It uses -er for comparative and -est for superlatives. In Fairy I'll use prefixes.

Normal, comparative, and superlatives
For Fairy I will use na- for normal use,  nga- for comparison, and ma- for superlative as prefixes to the adjective words.

Adjectives v Noun position
In English, normally adjective go before the nouns that they describe, like the 'white house'. I think in Fairy I will keep that convention of adjective + noun. Some of my other languages have adjectives after nouns which is more like Spanish.

30 Fairy adjectives
I use 30 Swadesh adjectives to create my first adjectives. I try to keep the words at one syllable since I will be adding a prefix to the root word, sometimes looking at the nouns that I did last time to become possible root words for those nouns.

Normal form will be na + root word, comparative nga + root word, and superlative ma + root word
For these adjective words for this fairy language,
1. big            lang
2. long          tof
3. wide         zan
4. thick         dan
5. heavy       dot
6. small         iha
7. short         viz
8. narrow      da
9. thin           ile
10. warm      yan
11. cold        win
12. full          jof
13. new        yen
14. old         hom
15. good      shin
16. bad        tsom
17. rotten     tash
18. dirty       ez
19. straight   fol
20. round     ji
21. sharp     di
22. dull         los
23. smooth   dah
24. wet         sar
25. dry         sho
26. correct   jana
27. near       tsay
28. far         don
29. right       joly
30. left         vily

Now we can do small phrases using normal, comparative, and superlatives forms with the 53 nouns and these 30 adjectives.

big dog        nalang vava
bigger dog   ngalang vava
biggest dog  malang vava

new tree      nayen lanyi
newer tree   ngayen lanyi
newest tree  mayen lanyi

Now we have 53 nouns and 30 adjectives in the constructed Fairy Language equaling 83 total words.

Next Post

I want to create some prepositions or articles the next post.

Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 2: Parts of speech - nouns

Other fantasy language posts
Creating a fantasy languageElfin and Orcish amount of words so far
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 1: Sounds
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 2: Parts of speech - nouns
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 3: Parts of speech - adjectives
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 4: Parts of speech - articles, quantifiers, prepositions, questions
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 5: Parts of speech - why, pronouns, conjunctions,

In the last post, I focused on the sounds of languages. In this post, I'll focus on the first parts of speech of the language, the noun.

For an example, let me try making a sample language.

My Aioskoru world needs a fairy language, so I will try making one up. My other four - five including the scraps of dwarvish that I have, are all based on three ancient real world languages. I want the fairy language to sound different than the other five languages.

I'm going to make a language that sounds more melodic mixed with hissing. Because of this, my language will use the letter sounds that I picked in the last post.


sounds unordered
 l, r, s, sh, f, n, ts, y, and vowels i, and e (no t, k, c, b, g, p, q, x)

I will add m ng ny j d t th v h w z      a o (no u)

consonants

m, w
v, f
d, t, ts, th
s, z
sh, j
n
ng, ny
h
l, r
y

vowels

I'm using more international phonetic vowels rather than English vowels.

i ; said like i in casio
e ; said like a in lazy
a ; said like a in father
o ; said like o in open

Nouns

Before going to far into nouns, ahead of time you want to figure out

1. how your going to deal with plurality
2. if you'll have gender
3. how you will deal with a normal adjective (hot), a comparative form of that adjective (hotter), and the superlative of that adjective (hottest). 
4. are you going to have different nouns forms for different noun functions in the sentence a) subject, b) direct object, c) indirect object ([action received by] to), cause or origin (from, because of), possessive, instrumental (by, with)

I'll chose to use marker words like particles or articles to differentiate function worlds which I will make later. That way I can keep words and their function separate. The markers will indicate plurality and singularity. I will not differentiate gender. I'll also use marker words to for functional meaning.

For these words for this fairy language, I will not base the worlds on any language that I know. I will just say the word first aloud and record the words using letters to the best of my ability. I use the Swadesh list of words as the basis for my first words. Luckily the Swadesh list has similar terms next to each other, so mentally I can differentiate one word from another and try to keep words from sounding to similar. I want these words to remain two syllable words if possible.

I try to picture the word before saying it, and then say the word out loud, as if I am a fluent native speaker of the language. I look at my sound list to try using the sounds that I picked.

After a few words, I try to look at my sound list to make sure I am using the different sounds.

I like to use the Swadesh list of words to figure out the first words. Starting with nouns

1. woman                          ilya
2. man (adult male human)  amad
3. person (individual human)   fa-on
4. fish (noun)             vidi
5. bird              titsi
6. dog              vava
7. louse              ihan
8. tree (not log)    lanyi
9. seed (noun)      yengo
10. leaf (botanics)   watse
11. root (botanics)      jolem
12. bark (of tree)       thinya
13. skin (1952: person’s)  dahin
14. flesh (1952 meat, flesh)  fijada
15. blood                                shinya
16. bone                                           lanthi
17. grease (1952: fat, organic substance)  taja
18. egg                                              aza
19. horn (of bull etc., not 1952)†   forani
20. tail                                        vela
21. feather (large, not down)    zange
22. hair (on head of humans)   votsaj
23. head (anatomic)                 oyaz
24. ear                             ditseng
25. eye                   naji
26. nose                        fitsa
27. mouth                            wofa
28. tooth (front, rather than molar)    didi
29. tongue (anatomical)          laifz
30. claw (not in 1952)             moda
31. foot (not leg)                  tsano
32. knee (not 1952)†           ivaf
33. hand                               winad
34. belly (lower part of body, abdomen)       je-ah
35. neck (not nape!)                                ila-o
36. breasts (female; 1955 still breast)†       lala
37. heart                                      nitho
38. liver                                  hanjo
39. sun                                 yandi
40. moon (not 1952)†           zinga
41. star                             virena
42. water (noun)               tova
43. rain (noun, 1952 verb)      sarila
44. stone                     dotsot
45. sand                      odima
46. earth (=soil)            ezanyi
47. cloud (not fog)         waly-jima
48. smoke (noun, of fire)   waly
49. fire                            arisa
50. ash(es)                      shoma
51. path (1952 road, trail; not street)         dama
52. mountain (not hill)                    langsin
53. name                               owa

That gives me 53 words already in this fairy language - all of them important for any language with humans. 

Next Post

The next post of the series I will continue with adjectives.

Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 1: Sounds

Other fantasy language posts
Creating a fantasy languageElfin and Orcish amount of words so far
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 1: Sounds
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 2: Parts of speech - nouns
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 3: Parts of speech - adjectives
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 4: Parts of speech - articles, quantifiers, prepositions, questions
Fantasy Constructed Languages Part 5: Parts of speech - why, pronouns, conjunctions,

I mentioned elsewhere that I had plans to write more about fantasy constructed languages. This post might help begin that series beyond the few notes that I have made in other posts.

I wanted to do a foundation post for fantasy constructed languages.

A good place to start is to look over range of the basic sounds that will make up a language. I begin with basic English sounds which are vowels and consonants which make up syllables. I then list other sounds from other languages to compare with English.

I'm not looking to explaining the linguistic terms and concepts, so I'll try to present the basic information using as few of terms as I can - without going into phonology that much.

vowel - a basic speech sound formed by an open flow of air and vocalized vibration of the vocal chords without friction

consonant - a basic speech sound formed by an obstruction of air flow, when combined with a vowel form a syllable

syllable - a basic speech unit that forms part of a word or an entire word having at least one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants.

English sounds are described by how they are spoken using one's mouth. The spoken English language isn't the only form of the language. It is also written and even signed using hands for those impaired. But I'll focus on the spoken form sounds of English.

Vowels are described by either being vocalized from the front, middle, or back of the mouth near the throat. Also they are described by how high the tongue is to the rough of the mouth, or how the tongue moves - by opening or closing.

Vowels
Front
High
beat

Closed
day

Open
bet

Low
fat

Opening
tie

Closing
yes

Middle
Open
it

Back
High
fruit

cook

Closed
oak

Open
ought

Low
bot

Consonants are obstructions of the air flow. They can be described by the main postitions and location of the sound origin. Some are vocalized with vibration and some are silent sounded by the forced air alone.

Consonants
Lips
b, m, p, w

Lips & teeth
v, f

Tongue + teeth
th, thz, t, d

Between tongue & teeth
s, z

Between tongue & teeth, more space
sh, zh

Tongue + front roof
n

Tongue + roof
ny

Tongue + back roof
k, g, ng, q, x

Throat
h

Close & plosive
b, p, t, d, k, g

Hissing
f, sh, zh, kh

Stop + hiss
j, ts, ch, dj

Slight obstruction
l, r, h, w, y

What about other sounds such as the tapping of teeth together, the farting sound, or a grunt. They might also be able to be consonants and vowels. In English, they already have meaning in conversation anyway.

Comparing to other languages
One way to learn different sounds is by looking at foreign languages. I'm just an amateur language person, but I have studied Spanish, French, and Japanese in school. I also learned Tagalog fairly fluently while living in the Philippines for several years. Even with my limited knowledge, I've tried to look at Hebrew and Chinese for some knowledge as well. Spending a little time with Native American languages is also worthwhile.

Tagalog - one official Filipino language - uses different consonants and more limited vowels than English. It uses just five vowels, six combination vowels, and twenty consonants. Being a newer language, words are spelled as they sound. Vowels a, i, u, e, o ay, oy, uy, iw, aw, ey, Consonants b, k, d, f, g, h, l, ly, m, n, ny, ng, p, r, s, t, ts, w, y, z

Japanese - uses the five main vowels like Tagalog. It however uses much fewer consonants. Vowels a, i, u, e, o. Consonants k, s/sh, t/ch/ts, n, h/f, m, y, r, w, -n

Hebrew - uses six main vowels. Vowels a, ee, ay, e, o, oo. Consonants b, v, g, d, h, v, z, ch, l, m, n, s, p, f, ts, k, r, sh, s, t

Inuktitut - uses three main vowels. Vowels i, u, a. Consonants h, p, t, k, g, m, n, l, s, j, r, v, q, ng, lh, nng

Cherokee - uses six main vowels. Vowels a, e, i, o, u, v. Consonants g/k, h, l, m, n/nh/nah, q, s, t/d, dl, tl, ts, w, y

Nahuatl (Aztec) - has four main short vowels with long form. Vowels a, e, i, o, aa, ee, ii, oo. Consonants ch, h, k, kw, l, m, n, p, t, tl, ts(z), x, y, s, w

Chinese - uses four tones in addition to seventeen vowel & combinations. Vowels a, o, e, i, ai, ei, ou, ao. iao, ia, iu, ua, uo, uai, ui, ua, ue. Consonants b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, s, c, r, sh, zh, ch, x, j, q, w, y, -ng, -n

Hindi - uses thirteen vowels. Vowels aa, aa(a), ei, ee, ou, oo, ae, aey, ou, auo, aum, aha, aum. Consonants k, kh, g, gh, n, ch, chh, j, jh, tr, t, th, d, dh, ph, b, bh, m, y, r, l, v, sh, shh, s, h, ksh, gy, shr


Interesting to fantasy languages would be other sounds caused by different species of creatures.

So most language constructing people begin by choosing what sounds will be in the language. They may try to create their own, or adopt portions from existing languages.

Heavy & harsh
Languages are all relative to other languages. In English, back-of-the-throat heavy languages sounds - especially coughing type sounds - sometimes more harsh. These are k, g, q, x, ng, ch (spoken as K), and nk dominant sound languages. Sometimes d and v sounds heavier. For vowels, O and A are harsher than I and E. They speak louder and stronger.

Melodic & light
Front of the mouth languages sound more melodic and lighter to many English speakers. Front of the mouth sounds such as l, r, s, f, n, ts, y, and vowels i, and e dominant sound languages may sound more melodic.

Hissing Languages
These types of languages use many s, z, sh, zh, th, j, v, and f sounds using the teeth as the dominant sound tool. They may sound more snake-like.